![]() ![]() This has been demonstrated in a large animal model and, finally, in the first x-ray dark-field chest radiograph of a human body. As early imaging setups were optimised for small animals, the technology was further developed to enable imaging of human-sized animals. In animal studies, x-ray dark-field radiography has also shown better diagnostic performance than conventional x-ray for the detection of pulmonary fibrosis, lung cancer, pneumothorax, neonatal lung injury, and acute lung inflammation. Further small animal studies have demonstrated the capability of x-ray dark-field imaging to detect and quantify pulmonary emphysema with significantly higher sensitivities compared to conventional radiography. In 2013, it was already shown in a mouse model that normal lungs generate a high signal on x-ray dark-field radiography. Due to its specific histologic anatomy, with numerous air-tissue interfaces at the microscopic level of the alveoli, the lungs are of special interest for x-ray dark-field imaging. In the dark-field x-ray image, the strength of the dark-field signal represents the amount of small-angle x-ray scattering. Small-angle x-ray scattering occurs at interfaces between structures of different electron density, e.g., air-tissue interfaces in the lungs or bone-fat interfaces in the spongious bone. This technique has been translated to the use of conventional x-ray sources. Grating-based x-ray dark-field imaging allows detection, quantification, and visualisation of small-angle x-ray scattering, which is not possible with conventional x-ray imaging devices. A grating-based approach has been intensively investigated for its application in biomedical imaging. Similar to visible light, x-rays can not only be interpreted as particles, but also show wave-like properties, such as refraction, that can be utilised for contrast formation. ![]() However, even modern computed tomography (CT) imaging exploits only part of the physical interactions between x-rays and matter for contrast formation in x-ray-based images. The discovery of x radiation marks the birth of diagnostic radiology and its use remains indispensable in daily clinical practice. ![]()
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